Topics:
Abdominal Trauma, Abdominal Tuberculosis, Ascitis,
Burns,
Ca Colon,
Chemotherapy for Colorectal Ca, Colonoscopy,
Constipation,
Esophageal varices, Evidence based surgery, Gall Bladder,
GERD,
GI Bleed,
GI Endoscopy,
GI Malignancy,
Hernia,
Inflammatory Bowel Disease(1),
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2),
Intestinal Obstruction, Laparoscopy Diagnostic,
Laparoscoy FAQs
Laparoscopy Operative, Liver function,
Obstructive Jaundice, Pancreatitis,
Peptic Ulcer, Piles/Fissure/Fistula,
Portal Hypertension,
PR (per rectal examination), Serum tumor markers,
Shock
Lectures:
Ano-rectal abscess
Anti-biotics in coloproctology
Applied anatomy of the Ischio-Rectal Fossa
Bowel Preparation
Diverticulosis
Fissure in Ano
GERD
Hiatal Herniae(1)
Hiatal Herniae(2)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Laparoscopy History
Laparoscopy Anaesthesia
Onco Surgery
Pilonidal sinus
PR - Per-rectal examination
Pre-Operative Preparation

ANAESTHESIA IN LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY

Pathophysiologic changes

( Respiratory system, Cardiovascular system and Hypothermia )

Respiratory system

Ventilatory changes due to

Pneumoperitoneum,
Co2 is absorbed via portal and systemic veins and excreted via lungs.
Surprisingly the level does not go very high due to impaired absorption from peritoneum due to haemodynamic changes and acid buffers in the blood.

Position of the patient
Raised intra abdominal pressure + Trendelenburgs position + Cephalad shift of carina dislodges the endotracheal tube leading to one lung anaesthesia and hypoxia.
Reverse Trendelenburg helps respiratory function.

Influence of anaesthesia
Pa Co2 is unaltered in local and regional anaesthesia.
GA has ventilatory depressant effect.

Cardiovascular changes
Has dual problem :

Hypercarbia causes sympathetic stimulation causing tachycardia, increase in BP and arrythmias
Increased intra abdominal pressure reduces cardiac output upto 50%.

Position of the patient
Head down increases venous return, but arterial pressure does not change much due to reflex vasodilatation and bradycardia. Head down up to 15 digree in safe.
Head up causes pooling of blood & DVT and Pulmonary embolism. It is aggravated by lithotomy and pneumoperitoneum.

Effect of raised intra abdominal pressure
Decreases blood flow to all organs, Intestines and Kidneys, leading to ileus and reduced GFR.
Coronary flow is unaffected.

Hypothermia
Every 50 litres of Co2 decreases the temp by .3 digree C. Warming of Co2 to 30 digrees is recommended for prolonged laparoscopic surgery.